Human health and environmental assessments of small-scale and artisanal mining activities in the Gold City of Ijeshaland, Southwestern Nigeria

Environmental Systems Research

Table 3 Mean concentrations of rare earth elements (REES) in samples

	Surface water		Groundwater		Sediment		Fish muscle		Fish gill		Fish gut
	Mean (µg L⁻¹)	SD	Mean (µg L⁻¹)	SD	Mean (µg kg⁻¹)	SD	Mean (µg kg⁻¹)	SD	Mean (µg kg⁻¹)	SD	Mean (µg kg⁻¹)	SD
Ce	0.24	0.44	0.15	0.29	31.30	62.42	8.94	9.66	6.58	10.50	15.85	17.76
Dy	<0.01		0.03	0.05	0.02	0.01	0.26	0.29	0.26	0.41	0.51	0.60
Er	<0.01		0.02	0.03	7.25	2.25	0.95	1.34	0.10	0.15	0.33	0.32
Eu	<0.01		0.01	0.01	98.50	94.22	0.05	0.06	0.06	0.11	0.12	0.15
Gd	0.02	0.03	0.05	0.07	0.04	0.02	0.36	0.40	0.41	0.68	0.73	0.83
Ho	<0.01	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.15	0.17	0.07	0.05	0.04	0.05	0.10	0.12
La	0.13	0.25	0.53	0.90	16.67	28.88	3.58	3.02	3.57	3.46	5.99	6.86
Lu	<0.01	0.001	0.01	0.001	<0.01		0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.04
Nd	0.10	0.16	0.29	0.46			2.64	2.98	2.61	4.29	5.01	5.83
Pr	0.03	0.04	0.08	0.11			0.66	0.75	0.64	1.04	1.28	1.47
Sc	1.00	0.65	0.81	0.63			0.63	0.25	0.88	0.76	0.88	0.75
Sm	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.06			0.45	0.50	0.54	0.88	0.86	1.02
Tb	0.01	0.001	0.01	0.01			0.07	0.05	0.07	0.10	0.10	0.12
Tm	0.01	0.001	0.01	0.001			0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.04
Y	0.08	0.17	0.47	0.79
Yb	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.02