Table 2 Different field of science which have studied Qanat.
Category | About | Sources |
|---|---|---|
Hydrology and technical innovation | Technical (structure, digging, ect) and hydrological aspects of Qanat is considered in various researches and in all periods | Colonel and Noel 1944; Becket and Smith 1953; Beaumont 1971; Goes et al. 2017; Hamidian et al. 2015; Bailiff et al. 2015; Amin et al. 2009; Zarabi et al. 2017; Zolfagharian et al. 2019 |
Innovative research has been conducted to increase the hydration of Qanat and develop techniques for tunnel repair | Sedghi and Zahn 2020, 2022; Jayhani and Asadi 2019; Habibzadeh et al. 2020 | |
Built Environment | This category of articles investigates the impact of Qanats on the structure of cities and villages. It explores how both the physical and social aspects of urban areas are shaped by the presence of Qanats | Lightfoot,1996; Hosseini et al 2010; Laghaei et al 2012; Sheibani and Farahani Fard 2013; Najjar Najafi and Latifian Esfahani 2013; Rafiee Fanood 2014; Iranmanesh et al 2014; Estaji and Raith 2016; kalantari et al. 2017; Semsar Yazdi and Karimian 2018; Nikfarjam and Alalhesabi 2018; Soltanimohammadi and Yusefi 2019; Semsar Yazdi and Karimian 2021; Kowkabi 2021; Iranmanesh et al 2021; Talebi and Azad 2021; Nejad Ebrahimi 2021 |
Water Management and Social Science | Management of Qanats has always been tied to community participation and customary and social laws. Therefore, when considering Qanats from a water management perspective, we unconsciously must delve into their social aspects. To make Qanat water management feasible in traditional societies, a set of laws and social roles have been established. Numerous scientific studies have been conducted in this regard | Motiee et al.: 2006; Semsar Yazdi and Labbaf Khaneiki (2019); Jomehpour 2009; Fadakar Davarani 2009; Faraji Sabokbar 2012; Hosseini and Jahandideh 2016; Charbonnier 2018; Remmington 2018; Fadakar Davarani and Samaraam 2018; Labbaf Khaneiki 2022; Salemi Ghamsari 2019; Janebelahi 2022; Saif Al-Ghafri et al 2023 |
Environment & Sustainability | In recent years, Numerous articles have discussed Qanats from a sustainability standpoint. This category of studies presents a more comprehensive view of Qanats compared to other articles. They endeavor to examine Qanats simultaneously within the realms of environmental, economic, social, and cultural domains | Radaei et al. 2021; Nasiri and Mafakheri 2015; Jomehpoor 2006; Hosseini Fahraji and Sharifzadeh 2016; Vayysi 2021; Tabatabaei and khozeymehnezhad 2019; Ghods et al 2015; Sadeghizadehbafandeh et al 2019; Sharafi et al 2016; Radaei et al 2020; Bouzarjomehri and khatami 2018; Labbaf Khaneiki et al 2022 |
Geography | These studies delve into various aspects of Qanat geology, such as identifying sections of Qanats susceptible to settling or locating historical Qanat channels using modern geological methods and equipment | (Bagheban-Golpasand et al. 2019; Fattahi.M, 2015; Santos and Alfaro: 2014; Naghibi et al 2015; Naghibi et al 2018; Bailiff et al. 2018; Hojat et al 2016; Hajian et al 2009) |
Biology & Aquatic | Given that Qanats serve as habitats for various aquatic species as well as plants, they have also been studied from this perspective | Mansouri et al 2010; Pourkhabbaz and Mohseni 2012; Sharafi et al 2013; Johari et al. 2009; Hashemzadeh Segherloo I, 2015; Azh et al 2015; Khalaji et al 2016; Ramin M, Doustdar 2019 |
Heritage and History | Many historians have explored the historical values of Qanats. In these studies, Qanats have been regarded as a valuable cultural heritage, symbolizing historical significance | Lightfoot 1996; Qassabiyan 2003; Parise 2016; Labbaf Khaneiki 2016; Sanaan Bensi 2020 |
Chemistry | This type of research focuses on assessing the water quality of various Qanats. These studies involve conducting experiments to determine whether the water from the case study is suitable for different purposes, such as irrigation, domestic use, drinking, etc | Kazemi et al.:2022; Rouhani 2021; Safari et al 2021; Nakhaei and Vadiati 2012 |
Rehabilitation | This category of research has examined the rehabilitation of indigenous technologies, collaborative conservation approaches, and the impact of public education on Qanat preservation | Ebizadeh 2011; Memon et al 2017; Zivdar and Kermanian 2020; Islami et al 2021; Karimian et al. 2021 |
Cultural Science | In this category of studies, the symbolic values of Qanats have been discussed, many of which trace their origins to the ancient reverence for water among Iranians. Furthermore, the role of Qanats in shaping the identity of Iranian communities and cities is discussed | Habibi et al 2016; Javadi and Arabsolghar 2013; Labbaf Khaneiki 2020; Papoli Yazdi and Vosoghi, 2019 |
Archaeology | Historical Qanats, like any ancient structures, have been of interest to archaeologists. The perspective of these experts revolves around the historical value of Qanats, viewing them as historical artifacts | Shams: 2014; Charbonnier and Hopper 2018; Ramezanzadeh and behnamfar 2018; Mashhadi 2021 |
Disaster Risk | Given that many Qanats have dried up today, the possibility of their subsidence exists. Experts in this field address Qanats as an issue that could potentially lead to a crisis | |
Tourism | These articles explore the intersection of Qanats and tourism. Qanats, both as historical artifacts and sources of water supply, can play a significant role in the tourism sector | |
Philosophy | This represents a novel category that explores Qanats. Asgharzadeh introduces a distinctive and somewhat unconventional concept, suggesting that Qanats can be seen as a form of semi-smart technology. He provides a series of facts and examples to substantiate this notion | Asgharzadeh 2017 |