Table 1 different approaches towards infrastructure (source: Alhashemi et al., 2017 and Authors’ significant revision)
Approach | Date | Proponent of an idea | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
Technocratic infrastructure | From the beginning of the modern period | Urban infrastructures such as road networks, waterways, railroads, sewage systems, electricity transmission lines, and the like have enabled the formation and development of the modern city. It is a Partial and technical approach | |
Green infrastructure | 1994 | Report on Conservation Strategies in Florida | The term was first coined in the Report on Conservation Strategies in Florida Equivalence of Natural Network (Green Infrastructure) and Civil Service Network (Gray Infrastructure) Values. (Firehock 2015) |
2002 | Benedict and McMahon | Green infrastructure is an ecological connected network essential for environmental, social, and economic sustainability.(Benedict and McMahon 2002) | |
Ecologic infrastructure | 2010 | Ming Xu | The term was first coined by Ming Xu (Pandit et al. 2017) |
2014 | Hillary Brown | An integrated ecological system where there are symbiotic and synergistic relationships among its main flows, providing a holistic perspective on urban infrastructures. In this approach, a complex and adaptable system emerges, with its sustainability arising from intricate interactions of engineering, environmental, and economic infrastructures tied to the city across time and space. (Pandit et al. 2017; Brown 2014) | |
Landscape infrastructure | 1996 | Garry Strang | The term was first coined by Garry Strang (Ji and Shao 2017) |
2009 | Pierre Belanger | He determined this term. He presented a large-scale image of the landscape that can serve the city, guide the flow of resources and energy, and showcase dynamic and flexible changes in urban development. (Belanger 2009) | |
2013 | C.Rouse | It emphasizes the social values and the functional significance of systems and natural lands as much as the value of grey infrastructure. Another key concept is enhancing the aesthetic values of grey infrastructure. Moreover, landscape management is also interlinked with natural habitats to achieve specific human objectives. (Rouse et al. 2013) | |
2015 | Mansoury and Alhashemi | the natural infrastructure within a city that, through a landscape approach in both tangible (physical) and intangible (social and cultural) dimensions, becomes interconnected with urban structures. It simultaneously fulfills three functional, aesthetic, and identity-related objectives of the landscape. (Mansoury and Alhashemi 2015) |