Application of artificial intelligence for forecasting surface quality index of irrigation systems in the Red River Delta, Vietnam

Environmental Systems Research

Table 4 Statistical table of evaluation results of models to predict the surface water quality index in the study area

Models	Input parameters	Output	Evaluation criteria
Models	Input parameters	Output	MAE	MSE	RMSE	R²
Gradient Boosting	BOD₅, NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻, Turbidity, TSS, Coliform and DO	WQI	2.61	19.9	4.46	0.96
XGBoost	BOD₅, NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻, Turbidity, TSS, Coliform and DO	WQI	3.70	51.6	7.18	0.89
RNN	BOD₅, NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻, Turbidity, TSS, Coliform and DO	WQI	5.50	76.6	8.75	0.84
LSTM	BOD₅, NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻, Turbidity, TSS, Coliform and DO	WQI	5.30	71.0	8.42	0.85