Heavy Metals in Commonly Consumed Root and Leafy Vegetables in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, and Assessment of Associated Public Health Risks

Sultana, Romana; Tanvir, Rahamat Ullah; Hussain, Kazi Albab; Chamon, Afrose Sultana; Mondol, Md. Nadiruzzaman

doi:10.1186/s40068-022-00261-9

Environmental Systems Research

Table 2 Concentration of heavy metals in root vegetables

From: Heavy Metals in Commonly Consumed Root and Leafy Vegetables in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, and Assessment of Associated Public Health Risks

Heavy metals	Root vegetables	1^st phase (mg/kg dw)	2^nd phase (mg/kg dw)	3^rd phase (mg/kg dw)	4^th phase (mg/kg dw)	Range (mg/kg dw)	Mean (mg/kg dw)	Maximum permissible limit (MPL) (mg/kg dw)
Chromium (Cr)	Beet	0.60	0.90	1.40	1.90	0.60–0.90	1.20 a	2.30 (FAO/WHO 2011)
	Radish	2.00	1.20	0.80	2.10	0.80–2.10	1.53 a
	Carrot	1.80	0.50	1.80	2.20	0.50–2.20	1.58 a
	Turnip	2.70	0.80	0.90	49.60	0.80–49.6	13.50 a
Cadmium (Cd)	Beet	0.10	0.20	0.40	0.10	0.10–0.40	0.20 a	0.20 (FAO/WHO 2001)
	Radish	0.30	0.10	0.50	0.00	0.00–0.50	0.23 a
	Carrot	0.50	0.40	0.30	0.00	0.00–0.50	0.30 a
	Turnip	0.10	0.20	0.00	0.00	0.00–0.20	0.08 a
Lead (Pb)	Beet	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00–0.00	0.00 a	0.30 (FAO/WHO 2011)
	Radish	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00–0.00	0.00 a
	Carrot	0.00	3.00	0.00	0.00	0.00–3.00	0.75 a
	Turnip	0.00	1.00	0.00	0.00	0.00–1.00	0.25 a
Nickel (Ni)	Beet	0.00	0.00	0.80	1.50	0.00–1.50	0.58 a	2.70 (FAO/WHO 2011)
	Radish	3.30	0.00	1.60	1.50	0.00–3.30	1.60 a
	Carrot	0.00	0.00	0.60	0.90	0.00–0.90	0.38 a
	Turnip	1.10	0.00	4.50	0.00	0.00–4.50	1.40 a
Copper (Cu)	Beet	11.40	8.10	19.30	16.80	8.10–19.3	13.90 b	10 (FAO/WHO 2011)
	Radish	9.50	2.00	6.50	9.10	2.00–9.50	6.78 a
	Carrot	2.80	3.60	4.10	4.20	2.80–4.20	3.68 a
	Turnip	8.10	7.90	7.10	5.40	5.40–8.10	7.13 a
Zinc (Zn)	Beet	61.75	35.99	50.21	61.99	35.99–61.99	52.49 b	50 (FAO/WHO 2011)
	Radish	61.60	11.77	48.65	68.03	11.77–68.03	47.51 b
	Carrot	10.50	17.55	7.28	9.39	7.28–17.55	11.18 a
	Turnip	50.95	24.09	42.76	45.37	24.09–50.95	40.79 b
Iron (Fe)	Beet	138.10	103.00	133.70	446.40	103.00–446.40	205.30 a	450 (FAO/WHO 2007)
	Radish	292.30	37.40	82.30	248.20	37.40–292.30	165.05 a
	Carrot	47.90	119.70	58.50	149.30	47.90–149.30	93.85 a
	Turnip	96.50	150.50	41.80	85.30	41.80–150.50	93.53 a
Manganese (Mn)	Beet	13.9	19.3	28.7	37.8	13.9–37.8	24.93 a	500 (FAO/WHO 2007)
	Radish	64.7	4.2	23.1	30.7	4.2–64.7	30.68 a
	Carrot	10.3	11.4	13.5	21	10.3–21.0	14.05 a
	Turnip	11.1	11.9	27.6	13	11.1–27.6	15.90 a

*DMRT analysis has been performed separately for each heavy metal. Mean values with the same letter(s) in a column of an individual heavy metal state no significant difference from each other at a 5% level by DMRT. The values in bold exceeded the maximum permissible limit set by the FAO/WHO

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