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Table 6 Mean annual values of climatic parameters during three time widows of 1996, 2006, and 2016 in the study area

From: Assessment of urban sprawl effects on regional climate change using a hybrid model of factor analysis and analytical network process in the Mashhad city, Iran

Climatic parameters

Years

1996

2006

2016

Surface temperature (K)

277

279

280

Total precipitation (mm)

218

48

31

Convective precipitation (mm)

79

18

25

Total ozone (Dobsons)

289

293

294

Black carbon density (µg/m2)

424

604

631

Surface long-wave flux (W/m2)

325

329

331