Assessment of urban groundwater quality using Piper trilinear and multivariate techniques: a case study in the Abuja, North-central, Nigeria

Environmental Systems Research

Table 7 Matrix, function coefficient and canonical discriminant based on water quality parameters

Parameters	Discriminant function classification
	Function		Canonical	Structure matrix
	Dry season	Rain season	Canonical	Structure matrix
pH	1429.90	1350.94	1.41	− 0.04
Temp	112.59	79.71	− 1.27	− 0.11
AlK	41.07	51.86	− 4.47	− 0.04
TDS	1.19	− 0.03	12.42	0.16
EC	− 0.25	− 0.16	− 2.00	0.04
Cl⁻	0.73	1.46	− 3.71	0.06
\( {{\text{SO}}_{4}}^{2 - } \)	− 0.29	− 0.49	1.64	− 0.05
\( {{\text{CO}}_{3}}^{2 - } \)	74.03	81.57	− 1.77	− 0.10
NO₃⁻	34.19	7.78	1.77	− 0.31
HCO₃⁻	0.99	0.96	0.14	0.13
F⁻	− 1229.57	− 1451.05	2.87	− 0.13
K⁺	− 281.56	− 1451.05	− 2.45	0.12
Na⁺	0.91	1.38	− 2.53	0.04
Fe²⁺	140.10	137.63	0.07	− 0.20
Ca²⁺	− 2.59	− 1.28	− 2.46	0.14
Mg²⁺	8.39	8.01	0.99	0.06
Mn	− 7644.05	− 8120.77	0.30	− 0.28
TH	0.66	0.53	1.85	0.03
SiO₂	− 161.00	− 163.48	0.22	0.04