Assessment of urban groundwater quality using Piper trilinear and multivariate techniques: a case study in the Abuja, North-central, Nigeria

Environmental Systems Research

Table 5 Hydro-chemical features of cluster grouping

Parameter	Cluster 1	Cluster 2	Cluster 3	Cluster 4	WHO limit
pH	7.35	6.40	6.93	6.42	6.5–8.5
Temp	27.34	23.12	26.22	24.70	NA
AlK	11.01	55.01	29.27	45.67	NA
TDS	987.32	2112.32	807.74	1531.35	1000
EC	497.34	3310.11	1343.29	2603.24	1500
Cl⁻	32.59	564.12	136.26	414.46	250
\( {{\text{SO}}_{4}}^{2 - } \)	567.89	567.34	468.40	409.59	250
\( {{\text{CO}}_{3}}^{2 - } \)	24.98	15.79	20.29	18.08	NA
NO³⁻	6.05	0.00	4.94	2.89	50
HCO³⁻	656.43	326.78	549.09	358.79	500
F⁻	1.81	0.47	1.40	1.07	1.5
K⁺	2.07	8.70	5.30	7.66	12
Na⁺	515.45	55.98	358.51	85.38	50
Fe²⁺	2.34	0.07	1.32	0.49	0.3
Ca²⁺	67.56	23.87	75.31	51.08	300
Mg²⁺	56.43	21.36	65.73	115.03	50
Mn	0.04	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.4
TH	231.67	213.56	641.16	505.01	500
SiO₂	8.02	0.67	4.56	2.99	NA