Assessment of urban groundwater quality using Piper trilinear and multivariate techniques: a case study in the Abuja, North-central, Nigeria

Environmental Systems Research

Table 1 Descriptive statistics of water samples collected from the study site (n^d = 25)

	pH	T (°C)	Alk (mg/l)	TDS (mg/l)	EC (μS/cm)	Cl⁻ (mg/l)	\( {{\text{SO}}_{4}}^{2 - } \) (mg/l)	\( {{\text{CO}}_{3}}^{2 - } \) (mg/l)	NO₃⁻ (mg/l)	HCO₃⁻ (mg/l)
Mean	6.75	25.68	35.17	1068.24	1796.87	236.41	447.23	19.50	4.20	480.58
Min	5.60	23.08	10.05	468.40	497.34	32.56	34.56	0.00	0.00	278.28
Max	7.45	27.38	56.00	2122.32	3310.11	564.12	890.65	28.78	6.16	666.25
SD	0.63	1.44	15.17	577.44	857.13	178.23	307.84	8.40	2.33	159.94
V	0.39	2.06	230.18	333,431.44	734,672.28	31,764.28	94,764.32	70.54	5.40	25,582.18
Kurtosis	− 0.59	− 0.47	− 0.41	0.74	− 0.10	0.88	0.03	− 1.51	− 0.97	0.70
Skewness	− 0.99	− 1.13	− 0.92	− 0.62	− 0.82	− 0.48	− 1.35	1.46	− 0.61	− 1.89
Q1	6.19	24.54	27.39	493.78	1162.40	169.01	172.40	15.73	3.11	324.17
Q3	7.34	27.04	45.65	1178.77	2352.98	323.73	765.71	24.66	6.08	655.38
WHO	6.5–8.5			1000	1500	250	250		50	500

	F⁻ (mg/l)	K⁺ (mg/l)	Na²⁺ (mg/l)	Fe²⁺ (mg/l)	Ca²⁺ (mg/l)	Mg²⁺ (mg/l)	Mn (mg/l)	TH (mg/l)	SiO₂ (mg/l)
Mean	1.28	6.15	260.19	1.02	66.58	83.48	0.03	592.15	3.99
Min	0.47	2.06	55.98	0.01	22.01	21.34	0.01	208.30	0.41
Max	1.84	9.31	515.45	2.95	226.56	346.56	0.10	1739.89	8.02
SD	0.45	2.69	195.77	1.19	71.70	100.93	0.02	526.88	3.20
V	0.21	7.22	38,324.82	1.42	5140.39	10,185.79	0.00	277,599.93	10.22
Kurtosis	− 0.96	− 1.41	− 1.78	− 1.58	1.28	3.77	4.90	1.45	− 1.69
Skewness	− 0.32	− 0.53	0.27	0.62	1.66	2.23	2.10	1.70	0.23
Q1	1.02	3.33	57.40	0.08	22.99	23.18	0.01	223.01	0.62
Q3	1.77	8.58	483.39	2.40	78.01	0.04	77.73	567.99	7.94
WHO	1.5	12	50	0.3	300	50	0.4	500