Table 1 Range of various physico-chemical parameters of Hokersar wetland from 1978 to 2012–2013
Parameters | Kaul et al. (1978) | Handoo (1978) | Pandit (1980) | Khan (2000) | Rather et al. (2001) | Rather and Pandit (2002) | Pandit and Kumar (2006) | Present study (2012–13) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air temperature (C°) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6.8–31.5 |
Water temp. (C°) | – | – | – | – | 4.6–29.2 | 6.9–29.0 | 3.0–27.0 | 5.7–31.3 |
Depth (m) | – | – | 0.66–1.12 | 0.5–1.6 | 0.13–1.6 | 0.15–0.63 | 0.54–0.63 | 0.4–2.7 |
Transparency (m) | – | – | 0.11–0.55 | – | 0.54–1.22 | 31.7–96.7 (%) | ||
pH | 7.2–9.0 | 7.2–9.0 | 7.4–8.5 | 7.2–8.5 | 7.4–9.0 | 7.5–8.6 | 7.32–8.10 | 7.1–8.2 |
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 3.20–12.50 | 3.20–12.50 | 4.0–8.02 | 4.5–8.0 | 2.6–15.20 | 2.25–12.50 | 1.9–11.4 | 2.4–10.1 |
Free carbon dioxide (mg/L) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8–31.7 |
Alkalinity (mg/L) | 85.0–256.0 | 85–256.0 | 98.0–268.0 | – | 50.0–415.0 | 68.02–352.0 | 119.0–240.0 | 91.3–254.7 |
Total hardness (mg/L) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 69–214 |
Calcium (mg/L) | 24.0–61.0 | 23.60–61.60 | 33.0–49.0 | – | 26.45–54.30 | 30.5–45.8 | 27.3–39.6 | 44.2–107.2 |
Magnesium (mg/L) | 11.0–18.0 | 2.50–7.40 | 11.0–17.0 | – | 7.05–16.74 | 9.0–16.2 | 2.4–8.2 | 6.2–28.1 |
Chloride (mg/L) | – | 8.0–70.0 | 10.0–32.0 | 17.0–28.0 | 10.3–39.3 | |||
Orthophosphate (µg/L) | 112.0–306 | 112.0–306.0 | 22.0–54.0 | – | 40.0–255.0 | 44.0–161.0 | 33.0–141.0 | 50.7–165 |
Total phosphate (µg/L) | 155.0–325 | 155.0–306.0 | 80.0–415.0 | – | 115.0–535.0 | 113.0–373.0 | 116.0–307.0 | 104.7–259.3 |
Ammonical nitrogen (µg/L) | 3.0–10.0 | 3.0–9.0 | 16.0–69.0 | – | 65.0–425.0 | 83.0–395.0 | 81.0–173.0 | 16.7–242.3 |
Nitrate nitrogen (µg/L) | 104.0–327.0 | 154–327.0 | 73.0–621.0 | – | 150–520.0 | 186.0–420.0 | 269.0–622.0 | 226.3–631.3 |