Table 2 Vulnerability indicators and their functional relationships with vulnerability [Compiled based on Moss et al. (2001) and Hahn et al. (2009)]
Components | Explanations of specific indicators | Hypothesized relationships to vulnerability |
|---|---|---|
Farmland size, quality, policy input use and training | Inverse of total farmland size households own | Adaptive capacity ↓ as land size ↓ vulnerability ↑ |
Household heads’ farmland located in the rugged terrain | Sensitivity ↓ as population at risk ↓ vulnerability ↓ | |
Household heads who reported very high farmland erosion | Exposure ↑ as population at risk of erosion ↑ vulnerability ↑ | |
Households’ own farmlands with poor fertility | Sensitivity ↑ as own infertile land ↑ vulnerability ↑ | |
Percent of households whose farmland affected by floods | Sensitivity ↑ as households who own flooded ↑ vulnerability ↑ | |
Crop yield index (yield per hectare) | Adaptive capacity ↑ as yield per hectare ↑ vulnerability ↓ | |
Crop yield trend stability | Adaptive capacity ↑ as crop yield stability ↑ vulnerability ↓ | |
Household heads who unable to save crops for the time of food deficit | Sensitivity ↑ as the HHs ↑ Vulnerability ↑ | |
Household heads who unable to put seeds for the next cropping season | Sensitivity ↑ as the HHs ↑ Vulnerability ↑ | |
Household heads who are in fear of losing their farmlands | Adaptive capacity ↓ as the No. of HHs ↑ ↑ vulnerability ↑ | |
Household heads who didn’t get certificate for their farmlands | Adaptive capacity ↓ as the No. of HHs ↑ vulnerability ↑ | |
Distance to fertilizer market center | Sensitivity ↑ as distance ↑ vulnerability ↑ | |
Household heads who failed to use modern fertilizers | Adaptive capacity ↓ as the No. HHs ↓ vulnerability ↑ | |
Inverse of the amount of modern fertilizer use | Adaptive capacity ↓ as the fertilizer use ↓ vulnerability ↑ | |
Household heads who do not get land management training | Adaptive capacity ↑ as trained HHs ↓ vulnerability ↑ | |
Temperature | Mean standard deviation of average maximum temperature by month | Exposure ↑ as maximum to variability ↑ vulnerability ↑ |
Mean standard deviation of average maximum temperature by year | Exposure ↑ as maximum to variability ↑ vulnerability ↑ | |
Mean standard deviation of average minimum temperature by month | Exposure ↑ as minimum to variability ↑ vulnerability ↑ | |
Mean standard deviation of average minimum temperature by year | Exposure ↑ as minimum to variability ↑ vulnerability ↑ | |
Rainfall | Average monthly standard deviation of rainfall (1980–2011) by month | Exposure ↑ as rainfall deviation by month ↑ vulnerability ↑ |
Average monthly standard deviation of rainfall (1980–2011) by year | Exposure ↑ as rainfall deviation by year ↑ vulnerability ↑ | |
Average number of hazards occurred in the past 10 years | Exposure ↑ as frequency of droughts ↑ vulnerability ↑ | |
Hazards frequency | Reported death of livestock in the past 5 years | Sensitivity ↑ as death of livestock ↑ vulnerability ↑ |
HHs reported their family members faced injury/death by climate hazards | Health Sensitivity ↑ as injury and death ↑ vulnerability ↑ |