Assessment of ecological quality of hot springs in the Eastern Amhara Region

Environmental Systems Research

Table 1 Physicochemical parameters of water samples and summary statistics (N = 12) of the 12 sampling sites of hot springs in Eastern Amhara region, Ethiopia, 2013

Environmental variables	A1	A2	A3	B1	B2	B3	H1	H2	H3	S1	S2	S3	Min	Max	Mean	Standard deviation
Altitude (m)	1301	1293	1288	1403	1399	1392	1566	1561	1517	1437	1435	1433	1288	1566	1418.75	95.583
Ambient temperature (°C)	28	30	28	25	21	21	27	28	32	22	24	28	21	32	26.17	3.563
Water temperature (°C)	51.6	32.5	29.9	72	42	38.8	70	40	34	52	33.4	27.3	27	72	43.58	15.018
DO (mg/l)	5.41	5.72	5.28	0.46	4.23	5.84	0	9.05	8.4	2.23	5.58	7.87	0	9	4.92	2.968
EC (µS/cm)	2.68	1508	1204	1394	1240	1247	1211	974	1077	1798	2181	3.34	3	2181	1153.33	629.73
Ph	7.99	8.07	7.95	7.84	8.32	8.63	7.14	8.12	8.13	7.09	8.39	8.42	7	9	7.92	0.51
Velocity (m/s)	0.1	0.4	0.5	0.1	0.5	0.5	0.2	0.36	0.5	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.10	0.50	0.33	0.15
Water depth (m)	0.7	0.4	0.5	1.2	0.5	1	0.4	0.3	0.15	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.15	1.20	0.49	0.32
Discharge (m³/s)	0.05	0.28	0.5	0.01	1.5	1.5	0.3	0.36	0.5	0.1	0.3	0.5	0.01	1.50	0.49	0.49
Turbidity (NTU)	10.27	13.3	30.9	33.8	9.44	11.5	4.4	17.1	31.5	8.87	185	13.5	4.00	185.00	30.83	49.57
Orto-phosphate (mg/l)	0.1	0.08	0.09	0.06	0.14	0.2	0.08	0.1	0.18	0.11	0.91	0.11	0.06	0.91	0.18	0.23
Nitrate–N (mg/l)	0.16	1.18	0.8	0.75	0.42	0.45	0.28	0.52	2.48	0.66	1.2	0.89	0.16	2.48	0.82	0.61
Total–N (mg/l)	2.41	2.46	3.18	3.36	31.7	1.33	1.71	2.28	3.26	3.8	4.5	3.7	1.33	31.70	5.31	8.36
Chloride (mg/l)	36.84	35.49	41.84	37.98	29.99	53	39.7	52.98	53.67	43.9	50.63	52.98	30.00	54.00	44.16	8.38