Toxicological response and bioaccumulation of strontium in Festuca rubra L. (red fescue) and Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) in contaminated soil microcosms

Environmental Systems Research

Table 5 Mean values (± S.E.) of Sr concentration in the aerial (aboveground) and root (belowground) tissues and translocation factors (TF) for F. rubra and T. pratense

Plant/soil treatment	[Sr²⁺]_aq (mM)	Tissue strontium concentrations (g∙kg^− 1)		Translocation factor
Plant/soil treatment	[Sr²⁺]_aq (mM)	Aerial	Roots	Translocation factor
F. rubra
Controls	0	0.024^c* ± 0.005	0.028^e* ± 0.003	1.28 A
Pre-GEx	5	0.123^c* ± 0.027	0.066^d* ± 0.009	1.80 A
	10	0.187^c* ± 0.020	0.112^c* ± 0.006	1.66 A
	20	0.449^b* ± 0.070	0.182^b* ± 0.015	2.55 A
	40	1.08^a* ± 0.132	0.376^a* ± 0.009	2.87 A
Post-GEx	5	0.049^c* ± 0.008	0.055^b,c* ± 0.002	0.89 E
	10	0.057^c* ± 0.003	0.089^b* ± 0.005	0.64 E
	20	0.126^b* ± 0.012	0.121^b* ± 0.008	1.08 A
	40	0.944^a* ± 0.031	0.275^a* ± 0.043	3.68 A
Com-GEx	5	0.432^c* ± 0.048	0.278^b,c* ± 0.004	1.55 A
	10	1.05^b,c* ± 0.059	0.630^b,c* ± 0.082	1.78 A
	20	2.61^b* ± 0.521	0.963^b* ± 0.113	2.79 A
	40	12.0^a* ± 1.77	4.00^a* ± 0.568	2.99 A
T. pratense
Controls	0	0.036^d* ± 0.003	0.012^c* ± 0.002	2.65 A^*
Pre-GEx	5	0.506^c,d* ± 0.038	0.065^b,c* ± 0.001	7.81 A^*
	10	0.930^c* ± 0.148	0.087^b,c* ± 0.009	11.2 A^*
	20	1.94^b* ± 0.086	0.148^b* ± 0.021	14.0 A^*
	40	6.05^a* ± 0.513	0.281^a* ± 0.059	24.6 A^*
Post-GEx	5	0.265^b* ± 0.022	0.037^b,c* ± 0.002	7.04 A^*
	10	0.530^b* ± 0.032	0.063^a,b,c* ± 0.003	8.58 A^*
	20	1.00^b* ± 0.044	0.101^a,b* ± 0.003	9.99 A^*
	40	2.99^a* ± 1.06	0.120^a* ± 0.044	17.0 A^*
Com-GEx	5	2.08^c,d* ± 0.067	0.213^c* ± 0.016	10.0 A^*
	10	8.72^b,c* ± 1.38	0.356^b* ± 0.019	24.1 A^*
	20	11.3^a,b* ± 0.84	0.660^a* ± 0.058	17.5 A^*
	40	17.4^a* ± 5.31	0.726^a* ± 0.036	25.3 A^*

Mean values (Samples n = 3, Control n = 9) with standard errors; significant differences were denoted by different letters based on LSD post-hoc test similarities; Pre-GEx = pre-germination exposure, Post-GEx = post-germination exposure and Com-GEx = combined-germination exposure, A = Accumulator, E = Excluder , * = statistically different at p ≤ 0.05 (one-way ANOVA)