Heavy metals | Leafy vegetables | 1st phase (mg/kg dw) | 2nd phase (mg/kg dw) | 3rd phase (mg/kg dw) | 4th phase (mg/kg dw) | Range (mg/kg dw) | Mean (mg/kg dw) | Maximum permissible limit (MPL) (mg/kg dw) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chromium (Cr) | Mustard | 7.70 | 2.70 | 5.50 | 2.90 | 2.70–7.70 | 4.70 a | 2.30 (FAO/WHO 2011) |
Cabbage | 1.70 | 0.00 | 1.30 | 2.40 | 0.00–2.40 | 1.35 a | ||
Spinach | 1.40 | 2.50 | 1.70 | 3.30 | 1.40–3.30 | 2.23 a | ||
Coriander | 1.50 | 2.50 | 5.00 | 6.50 | 1.50–6.50 | 3.88 a | ||
Mint | 2.60 | 1.40 | 16.70 | 4.00 | 1.40–16.70 | 6.18 a | ||
Cadmium (Cd) | Mustard | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.40 | 0.20 a | 0.20 (FAO/WHO 2001) |
Cabbage | 0.00 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.40 | 0.10 a | ||
Spinach | 0.90 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.90 | 0.50 a | ||
Coriander | 0.60 | 1.80 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.60–1.80 | 1.13 b | ||
Mint | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.50 | 0.20 a | ||
Lead (Pb) | Mustard | 0.00 | 5.00 | 0.00 | 1.80 | 0.00–5.00 | 1.70 a | 0.30 (FAO/WHO 2011) |
Cabbage | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–3.00 | 0.75 a | ||
Spinach | 0.00 | 2.00 | 0.68 | 0.00 | 0.002.00 | 0.67 a | ||
Coriander | 0.00 | 3.00 | 5.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–5.00 | 2.00 a | ||
Mint | 0.00 | 2.00 | 6.00 | 1.00 | 0.00–6.00 | 2.25 a | ||
Nickel (Ni) | Mustard | 1.70 | 1.50 | 6.50 | 3.20 | 1.70–6.50 | 3.23 b | 2.70 (FAO/WHO 2011) |
Cabbage | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.70 | 0.00 | 0.00–2.70 | 0.68 ab | ||
Spinach | 1.70 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.90 | 0.00–1.70 | 0.73 a | ||
Coriander | 1.70 | 2.50 | 3.50 | 4.50 | 1.70–4.50 | 3.05 b | ||
Mint | 0.50 | 0.00 | 3.70 | 1.60 | 0.00–3.70 | 1.45 ab | ||
Copper (Cu) | Mustard | 5.70 | 5.30 | 44.30 | 17.90 | 5.30–44.3 | 18.30 a | 10 (FAO/WHO 2011) |
Cabbage | 1.50 | 3.10 | 8.40 | 4.30 | 1.50–8.40 | 4.30 a | ||
Spinach | 11.40 | 14.40 | 10.10 | 4.00 | 4.00–14.40 | 9.98 a | ||
Coriander | 17.40 | 8.70 | 16.90 | 15.00 | 8.70–17.40 | 14.50 a | ||
Mint | 16.50 | 10.40 | 11.70 | 12.20 | 10.4–16.5 | 12.70 a | ||
Zinc (Zn) | Mustard | 43.57 | 49.27 | 125.78 | 72.59 | 43.57–125.78 | 72.80 a | 50 (FAO/WHO 2011) |
Cabbage | 21.06 | 19.63 | 51.27 | 12.25 | 12.25–51.27 | 26.05 a | ||
Spinach | 233.82 | 125.38 | 184.99 | 197.80 | 125.38–233.82 | 185.50 b | ||
Coriander | 32.57 | 228.33 | 71.14 | 68.97 | 32.57–228.33 | 100.25 a | ||
Mint | 35.56 | 46.00 | 57.92 | 78.85 | 35.56–78.85 | 54.58 a | ||
Iron (Fe) | Mustard | 295.40 | 916.70 | 1450.10 | 880.40 | 295.40–1450.10 | 885.65 b | 450 (FAO/WHO 2007) |
Cabbage | 66.90 | 67.00 | 63.70 | 103.30 | 63.70–103.30 | 75.23 a | ||
Spinach | 177.10 | 920.90 | 625.40 | 787.20 | 177.10–920.90 | 627.65 ab | ||
Coriander | 535.20 | 615.90 | 1588.70 | 2365.70 | 535.20–2365.70 | 1276.38 b | ||
Mint | 920.90 | 619.80 | 1198.10 | 463.60 | 463.60–1198.10 | 800.60 ab | ||
Manganese (Mn) | Mustard | 51 | 35.8 | 389.3 | 157.9 | 35.8–389.3 | 158.50 a | 500 (FAO/WHO 2007) |
Cabbage | 13.7 | 16.3 | 43.5 | 23.5 | 13.7–43.5 | 24.25 a | ||
Spinach | 177.9 | 33.4 | 130.4 | 194.9 | 33.4–194.9 | 134.15 a | ||
Coriander | 36.5 | 324.6 | 89.1 | 143.1 | 36.5–324.6 | 148.33 a | ||
Mint | 66.2 | 58.7 | 201.8 | 127.1 | 58.7–201.8 | 113.45 a |