Structural equation modelling of perception for sustainable agriculture as climate change mitigation strategy in Ghana

Ankamah, Jacob; Kodua, Theophilus Tweneboah; Addae, Mary

doi:10.1186/s40068-021-00230-8

Environmental Systems Research

Table 2 Students’ perception on sustainable agriculture related variables

From: Structural equation modelling of perception for sustainable agriculture as climate change mitigation strategy in Ghana

Variable	Description	Mean	Std. Dev
Environmental protection	Environmental balance (climate change mitigation) is one basis for sustainable agricultural practices	3.58	1.55
	An advantage of sustainable agricultural practices is reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers	4.04	0.89
	Farmers in sustainable agriculture live more in harmony with nature	4.18	0.75
Economic	Economic gains when employing sustainable agricultural practices are not convincing	1.70	0.59
	Net farm income may decrease when a producer implements sustainable agricultural practices	1.75	0.60
	Sustainable agricultural systems can improve income on a farm	3.63	1.30
Management	Sustainable agricultural practices would work well on farm	3.58	1.16
	Sustainable agricultural practices may require additional management beyond conventional practices	3.62	1.11
	The adoption of sustainable agricultural practices is slow because farmers lack the knowledge to implement them	4.23	0.62
Sustainable agricultural practices	Recommended pest control methods for sustainable agricultural systems have potential for more pests in the long term	2.37	0.74
	Sustainable agricultural practices help protect the environment, natural resources and mitigate climate	4.33	0.78
	There may be insufficient labour for the workload required in sustainable agricultural system	2.33	0.92
Likelihood	Sustainable agricultural systems should produce an adequate food supply to feed the world population	3.91	1.02
Likelihood	Recommended practices in sustainable agriculture have been embraced by mainstream agriculture	3.41	0.90
System of sustainable agriculture	Adoption of sustainable agricultural practices will be easier for farmers who have cropped and livestock enterprises	2.23	1.14
System of sustainable agriculture	Make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls	3.34	1.02

Source: Field survey (2018)

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