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Table 4 Results of multiple regression analysis on the effect of land use, within the three sub watersheds and Kebena watershed, on water quality over two seasons (+ represents positive while—represents a negative relationship)

From: Assessing the impact of watershed land use on Kebena river water quality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Wet

FDSW (Little-Kebena)

ADSW (Denkaka)

(UDSW)

Ginfle

Kebena

\(R^{2}\)

PH

− 0.81**

− 1.09**

− 0.10

− 0.02

0.54

TDS

135.37**

244.37**

327.37**

174.37**

0.89

TSS

109.3**

40.3**

31.8**

61.3**

0.77

EC

270.73**

166.93**

716.43**

350.83**

0.94

Ammonia

1.26**

− 0.50

17.0**

3.75**

0.98

TN

− 10.3**

− 11.4**

− 4.4**

− 6.3**

0.86

TP

− 0.43**

− 0.18

1.0**

− 0.40**

0.76

Chloride

21.83**

14.19**

56.38**

25.58**

0.91

COD

24.9**

40.9**

99.9**

29.9**

0.95

BOD

7.65**

9.35**

60.45**

13.4**

0.97

Dry

 PH

0.59**

0.67**

0.23*

0.36**

0.57

 TDS

754.24**

786.24**

790.24**

746.24**

0.95

 TSS

− 26.85

− 46.85

256.15**

110.15**

0.68

 EC

1494.84**

1560.44**

1581.84**

1482.99**

0.98

 Ammonia

38.95**

54.45**

127.55**

74.0**

0.84

 TN

33.15**

44.7**

119.7**

68.7**

0.79

 TP

− 4.64

− 4.54

7.16**

− 0.78

0.42

 Chloride

83.18**

91.79**

68.16**

63.55**

0.97

 COD

33.5**

21.5**

144.5**

149.4**

0.98

 BOD

29.28**

12.08**

1.18

172.28**

0.99

  1. The reference water quality indicator is Forest source point ** and * are significant at 1% and 5% levels, respectively