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Table 5 Summary of observed slag and emission compositions

From: Integrating life cycle analysis into system dynamics: the case of steel in Europe

 

Emissions

Slag

Comments

BFBOF

EAF

BFBOF

EAF

CO

39.1%

62.7%

–

–

From partial oxidation in the furnaces

CO2

20.8%

3.1%

–

–

From the combustion of fossil fuels

N

3.4%

30.8%

–

–

Mostly in the form of oxides (NOx)

H

32.6%

3.3%

–

–

Either as CH4 or as H2

H2O

4.0%

–

–

–

Byproduct

Ca

–

–

28.5%

30.6%

As part of CaO and CaS

O

–

–

36.3%

32.8%

Present in all oxides

Si

–

–

11.4%

7.3%

As part of SiO2

Mg

–

–

4.5%

3.8%

As part of MgO

Al

–

–

3.9%

2.3%

As part of Al2O3

Cr

*

*

11.8%

1.1%

Free ion or as part of Cr2O3

Mn

*

*

1.5%

3.3%

As part of MnO

Fe

*

*

0.4%

17.6%

As part of FeO and Fe2O3

P

–

–

0.4%

0.8%

As part of P2O5

S

–

–

1.0%

0.2%

Free ion or as part of CaS

Zn

*

*

0.3%

0.2%

Free ion or as part of ZnO

Ti

–

–

*

*

Free ion or as part of TiO2

  1. * Trace amounts, less than 0.1% altogether