From: Integrating life cycle analysis into system dynamics: the case of steel in Europe
 | Emissions | Slag | Comments | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BFBOF | EAF | BFBOF | EAF | ||
CO | 39.1% | 62.7% | – | – | From partial oxidation in the furnaces |
CO2 | 20.8% | 3.1% | – | – | From the combustion of fossil fuels |
N | 3.4% | 30.8% | – | – | Mostly in the form of oxides (NOx) |
H | 32.6% | 3.3% | – | – | Either as CH4 or as H2 |
H2O | 4.0% | – | – | – | Byproduct |
Ca | – | – | 28.5% | 30.6% | As part of CaO and CaS |
O | – | – | 36.3% | 32.8% | Present in all oxides |
Si | – | – | 11.4% | 7.3% | As part of SiO2 |
Mg | – | – | 4.5% | 3.8% | As part of MgO |
Al | – | – | 3.9% | 2.3% | As part of Al2O3 |
Cr | * | * | 11.8% | 1.1% | Free ion or as part of Cr2O3 |
Mn | * | * | 1.5% | 3.3% | As part of MnO |
Fe | * | * | 0.4% | 17.6% | As part of FeO and Fe2O3 |
P | – | – | 0.4% | 0.8% | As part of P2O5 |
S | – | – | 1.0% | 0.2% | Free ion or as part of CaS |
Zn | * | * | 0.3% | 0.2% | Free ion or as part of ZnO |
Ti | – | – | * | * | Free ion or as part of TiO2 |