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Table 3 Summary of data inputs

From: Integrating life cycle analysis into system dynamics: the case of steel in Europe

Type

Variable

Unit

Sources

EAF inputs

Scrap, oxygen, natural gas, coal, limestone, dolomite, water, ore

kg/kg of steel

Shamsuddin (2016), WS (2012a, b, 2017b, c), EU (2011), Madias (2013), Cullen et al. (2012), Yellishetty et al. (2011a, b), EUROFER (2017a), EUROSTAT (2009, 2018b), Seetharaman (2013)

BFBOF inputs

Ore, hot blast, scrap, water, limestone, coke, dolomite

kg/kg of steel

Typical chemical compositions of the inputs

Scrap, ore, coke, natural gas, coal, dolomite, limestone, hot blast

%

MINDAT (2017)

Webmineral (2017)

Typical compositions of steel alloys, as outputs

UNS S30400, UNS S31600, UNS S43000, UNS S17400, UNS S32205, UNS S40900

%

Bringas (2004)

Typical slag composition ranges

EAF slag, BF slag, BOF slag

%

Yildirim and Prezzi (2011), Adegoloye et al. (2016), EUROSLAG (2017)

Typical composition ranges of emissions to the atmosphere

EAF emissions, BF emissions, BOF emissions

%

Ferreira and Leite (2015), Ramírez-Santos et al. (2018), Uribe-Soto et al. (2017), Schubert and Gottschling (2011), Seetharaman (2013)

Stocks in use

Automotive, construction, tools + machinery, appliances + electronics, heavy mechanical equipment, other transportation

tons

Pauliuk et al. (2013), EC (2017)

Participation of economic sectors in steel demand

%

WS (2017b), EUROSTAT (2009, 2018b)

Typical lifespan of steel per economic sector (as delays)

years

Cooper et al. (2014), EUROSTAT (2009, 2018b), EC (2017)

Recycling/refurbishment rate per economic sector

%

NFDC (2012), EUROSTAT (2018a), Björkman and Samuelsson (2014), BIR (2017), Panasiyk et al. (2016), EUROFER (2017b), Eckelman et al. (2014), Terörde (2006)

Repair/reuse rate per economic sector

%

NFDC (2012), EUROSTAT (2018a), Dindarian and Gibson (2011), Truttmann and Rechberger (2006), Bovea et al. (2016), Kissling et al. (2013), RREUSE (2012), Eckelman et al. (2014)

Distribution and end-of-life losses

%

Pauliuk et al. (2017), Johnson et al. (2008)

Typical cooling water reuse and recycling rates

EAF cooling water, BFBOF cooling water

%

WS (2015a, b), WSSTP (2013), Burchart-Korol and Kruczek (2015)