From: Integrating life cycle analysis into system dynamics: the case of steel in Europe
Type | Variable | Unit | Sources |
---|---|---|---|
EAF inputs | Scrap, oxygen, natural gas, coal, limestone, dolomite, water, ore | kg/kg of steel | Shamsuddin (2016), WS (2012a, b, 2017b, c), EU (2011), Madias (2013), Cullen et al. (2012), Yellishetty et al. (2011a, b), EUROFER (2017a), EUROSTAT (2009, 2018b), Seetharaman (2013) |
BFBOF inputs | Ore, hot blast, scrap, water, limestone, coke, dolomite | kg/kg of steel | |
Typical chemical compositions of the inputs | Scrap, ore, coke, natural gas, coal, dolomite, limestone, hot blast | % | MINDAT (2017) Webmineral (2017) |
Typical compositions of steel alloys, as outputs | UNS S30400, UNS S31600, UNS S43000, UNS S17400, UNS S32205, UNS S40900 | % | Bringas (2004) |
Typical slag composition ranges | EAF slag, BF slag, BOF slag | % | Yildirim and Prezzi (2011), Adegoloye et al. (2016), EUROSLAG (2017) |
Typical composition ranges of emissions to the atmosphere | EAF emissions, BF emissions, BOF emissions | % | Ferreira and Leite (2015), RamÃrez-Santos et al. (2018), Uribe-Soto et al. (2017), Schubert and Gottschling (2011), Seetharaman (2013) |
Stocks in use | Automotive, construction, tools + machinery, appliances + electronics, heavy mechanical equipment, other transportation | tons | |
Participation of economic sectors in steel demand | % | ||
Typical lifespan of steel per economic sector (as delays) | years | ||
Recycling/refurbishment rate per economic sector | % | NFDC (2012), EUROSTAT (2018a), Björkman and Samuelsson (2014), BIR (2017), Panasiyk et al. (2016), EUROFER (2017b), Eckelman et al. (2014), Terörde (2006) | |
Repair/reuse rate per economic sector | % | NFDC (2012), EUROSTAT (2018a), Dindarian and Gibson (2011), Truttmann and Rechberger (2006), Bovea et al. (2016), Kissling et al. (2013), RREUSE (2012), Eckelman et al. (2014) | |
Distribution and end-of-life losses | % | ||
Typical cooling water reuse and recycling rates | EAF cooling water, BFBOF cooling water | % | WS (2015a, b), WSSTP (2013), Burchart-Korol and Kruczek (2015) |