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Table 3 Physicochemical parameter of surface water samples collected from settlements within the Birim River basin

From: Hydrochemical characteristics of surface water and ecological risk assessment of sediments from settlements within the Birim River basin in Ghana

 

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

Std. deviation

Variance

Skewness

Kurtosis

WHO standard

pH

6.36

7.02

6.68

0.18

0.03

0.27

0.84

6.5–8.5

Conductivity (μS/cm)

58.03

128.97

85.37

25.21

635.70

0.65

− 0.79

500

Turbidity (NTU)

31.60

3000.00

1652.86

1263.92

1597.38

− 0.12

− 1.89

5

Alkalinity (mg/L)

20.00

161.00

79.20

42.63

1817.29

0.44

0.14

200

TDS (mg/L)

29.03

64.33

42.60

12.60

158.74

0.64

− 0.79

< 600

Temperature (°C)

25.00

28.00

26.26

0.88

0.78

0.95

0.80

< 25 °C

TH (mg/L)

51.76

168.57

92.31

41.05

1685.14

1.12

0.15

500

Colour (PtCo)

364.62

34,615.35

19,071.33

14,583.67

2126.65

− 0.12

− 1.89

15

CaH (mg/L)

30.74

100.26

55.15

24.40

595.43

1.09

0.08

–

MgH (mg/L)

21.02

68.31

37.16

16.66

277.41

1.17

0.26

200

NO3− (mg/L)

bd

1.00

0.38

0.31

0.10

0.55

− 1.22

45

K+ (mg/L)

0.40

3.90

1.00

1.07

1.15

2.66

7.50

12

Na+ (mg/L)

2.90

5.10

3.81

0.79

0.63

0.80

− 0.64

200

Cl− (mg/L)

11.98

69.96

27.76

19.35

374.46

1.66

1.80

250

Mg2+ (mg/L)

5.13

16.66

8.98

4.04

16.33

1.19

0.30

50

Ca2+ (mg/L)

12.80

41.60

22.40

10.12

102.39

1.19

0.28

75

SO42− (mg/L)

bd

1.00

0.41

0.33

0.11

− 0.06

− 2.08

250

CO32− (mg/L)

0.01

0.16

0.05

0.05

bd

1.95

4.34

–

HCO3− (mg/L)

19.99

160.84

78.63

43.20

1866.47

0.41

0.02

300

Free CO2 (mg/L)

17.57

44.63

30.02

9.20

84.63

− 0.34

− 0.82

–

Total CO2 (mg/L)

35.17

172.11

99.24

44.21

1954.48

− 0.14

− 0.72

–

Fe (mg/L)

0.63

6.44

3.41

1.88

3.55

− 0.10

− 0.95

0.3

Zn (mg/L)

bd

0.02

0.01

0.00

0.00

− 0.24

− 0.31

3.0