Human health and environmental assessments of small-scale and artisanal mining activities in the Gold City of Ijeshaland, Southwestern Nigeria

Table 1 Major element concentrations of environmental samples collected at the vicinity of the gold mines

	Surface water (N = 19)		Groundwater (N = 9)		Sediment (N = 10)		Fish muscle (N = 4)		Fish gills (N = 4)		Fish gut (N = 4)		Plant (N = 12)
	Mean (mg L⁻¹)	SD	Mean (mg L⁻¹)	SD	Mean (mg kg⁻¹)	SD	Mean (µg kg⁻¹)	SD	Mean (µg kg⁻¹)	SD	Mean (µg kg⁻¹)	SD	Mean (mg kg⁻¹)	SD
Ca	11.78	4.25	37.30	33.86	0.53	0.69	230.5	343.9	702.0	816.2	116.50	130.6	2.26	2.99
K	6.07	3.30	64.99	66.24	0.07	0.12	34.87	13.67	26.50	21.38	33.32	18.45	1.43	0.51
Mg	5.23	2.78	15.01	14.47	0.38	0.21	10.34	4.96	17.01	14.68	6.80	2.44	0.20	0.07
Na	5.23	5.41	14.40	19.43	0.03	0.02	3.53	7.02	4.03	7.16	5.12	10.21	0.09	0.04
P	0.03	0.04	0.01	0.04	0.03	0.00	136.7	164.2	376.2	396.8	96.77	82.44	0.19	0.03
Si	10.44	3.54	8.67	3.61			4.32	3.72	3.93	4.94	4.34	2.46
Ti	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.00	2.53	1.43	0.30	0.33	0.16	0.10	0.30	0.23	41.00	41.71