From: Agroforestry and farm income diversification: synergy or trade-off? The case of Ethiopia
Variables | Bivariate probit model | Joint marginal effects of both activities | |
---|---|---|---|
Agroecudum | Doffornonfarm | ||
Dependent variables | Â | ||
 AGROECUDUM (agroforestry adoption) |  | ||
 DOFFORNONFARM (non-farm activity) |  | ||
Explanatory variables | Â | ||
 DECONINCENT | 1.263** (0.506) | 0.770** (0.370) | 0.295** (0.133) |
 LNAVHOMEDIST | −4.231 (0.344) | −0.296 (0.350) | −0.118 (0.139) |
 LNAVMRKTDIST | −2.499* (0.504) | −1.172** (0.415) | −0.068* (0.165) |
 LNROADISTA | −2.134*** (0.331) | −0.443** (0.281) | −0.176** (0.112) |
 DMALE | 0.937** (0.475) | 0.491 (0.458) | 0.189 (0.169) |
 LNRESPOAGE | 0.113 (0.746) | −0.138 (1.049) | −0.055 (0.416) |
 FSIZE | 0.046 (0.146) | −0.111 (0.126) | −0.044 (0.049) |
 DEPRATIO | −0.559 (1.529) | −1.615 (1.155) | −0.640 (0.458) |
 PROPOSTUDENT | 2.131* (1.255) | 0.047 (0.929) | 0.018 (0.369) |
 DUEDU2 | −0.848 (0.463) | −0.551 (0.387) | −0.213 (0.143) |
 DUEDU3 | −0.503 (0.531) | 0.314 (0.473) | 0.124 (0.186) |
 FARMSIZE | 2.682** (1.238) | −0.060 (0.557) | −0.024 (0.220) |
 NONCROPFARM | −1.310 (1.77) | 1.772 (1.367) | 0.703 (0.542) |
 DLANDEGRA | 0.298 (0.361) | −0.386 (0.331) | −0.152 (0.128) |
 DULANDRIGHT | 0.287 (0.418) | 1.045*** (0.376) | 0.397*** (0.130) |
 NUMOX | 0.745** (0.35) | −0.458* (0.249) | −0.181* (0.098) |
 LNTOTLIVESTOKVAL | 0.745 (0.676) | 0.224 (0.542) | 0.089 (0.215) |
 LNEQUEXPER | −0.728** (0.368) | 0.485* (0.265) | 0.192* (0.105) |
 LNTOTOFFORNONFARMY | 0.147** (0.063) | – | 0.105*** (0.021) |
 CREDITDUM | − | 0.114 (0.164) | 0.045 (0.138) |
 DKUDMI | −0.315 (0.712) | −0.412 (0.550) | −0.159 (0.205) |
 DBACHIMA | −2.94*** (0.979) | −1.006* (0.535) | −0.363** (0.161) |
 DGORAGOT | −1.302 (0.759) | 0.175 (0.604) | 0.069 (0.240) |
 _CONSTANT | −11.331 (6.96) | −6.393 (6.054) | – |
Number of obs = 136 | |||
Wald χ2 (48) = 57.17 | |||
Rho = 0.98*** Prob > χ2 = 0.0000 |