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Table 4 Determinants of joint adoption of agroforestry and non-farm activity

From: Agroforestry and farm income diversification: synergy or trade-off? The case of Ethiopia

Variables

Bivariate probit model

Joint marginal effects of both activities

Agroecudum

Doffornonfarm

Dependent variables

 

 AGROECUDUM (agroforestry adoption)

 

 DOFFORNONFARM (non-farm activity)

 

Explanatory variables

 

 DECONINCENT

1.263** (0.506)

0.770** (0.370)

0.295** (0.133)

 LNAVHOMEDIST

−4.231 (0.344)

−0.296 (0.350)

−0.118 (0.139)

 LNAVMRKTDIST

−2.499* (0.504)

−1.172** (0.415)

−0.068* (0.165)

 LNROADISTA

−2.134*** (0.331)

−0.443** (0.281)

−0.176** (0.112)

 DMALE

0.937** (0.475)

0.491 (0.458)

0.189 (0.169)

 LNRESPOAGE

0.113 (0.746)

−0.138 (1.049)

−0.055 (0.416)

 FSIZE

0.046 (0.146)

−0.111 (0.126)

−0.044 (0.049)

 DEPRATIO

−0.559 (1.529)

−1.615 (1.155)

−0.640 (0.458)

 PROPOSTUDENT

2.131* (1.255)

0.047 (0.929)

0.018 (0.369)

 DUEDU2

−0.848 (0.463)

−0.551 (0.387)

−0.213 (0.143)

 DUEDU3

−0.503 (0.531)

0.314 (0.473)

0.124 (0.186)

 FARMSIZE

2.682** (1.238)

−0.060 (0.557)

−0.024 (0.220)

 NONCROPFARM

−1.310 (1.77)

1.772 (1.367)

0.703 (0.542)

 DLANDEGRA

0.298 (0.361)

−0.386 (0.331)

−0.152 (0.128)

 DULANDRIGHT

0.287 (0.418)

1.045*** (0.376)

0.397*** (0.130)

 NUMOX

0.745** (0.35)

−0.458* (0.249)

−0.181* (0.098)

 LNTOTLIVESTOKVAL

0.745 (0.676)

0.224 (0.542)

0.089 (0.215)

 LNEQUEXPER

−0.728** (0.368)

0.485* (0.265)

0.192* (0.105)

 LNTOTOFFORNONFARMY

0.147** (0.063)

–

0.105*** (0.021)

 CREDITDUM

−

0.114 (0.164)

0.045 (0.138)

 DKUDMI

−0.315 (0.712)

−0.412 (0.550)

−0.159 (0.205)

 DBACHIMA

−2.94*** (0.979)

−1.006* (0.535)

−0.363** (0.161)

 DGORAGOT

−1.302 (0.759)

0.175 (0.604)

0.069 (0.240)

 _CONSTANT

−11.331 (6.96)

−6.393 (6.054)

–

Number of obs = 136

Wald χ2 (48) = 57.17

Rho = 0.98*** Prob > χ2 = 0.0000

  1. ***, **, and * indicates significant level at 1, 5, and 10%, respectively