Table 1 Summary of physico-chemical characteristics of water samples from the study area
Distance (m) | 0–15 m | 16–30 m | Above 30 m | Total means | WHO recommended limits | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Range | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |  |
Temperature (°C) | 25.3–26.4 | 25.9 ± 0.41 | 25.9–32.3 | 27.9 ± 2.31 | 26.0–28.0 | 27.2 ± 1.16 | 27.0 ± 0.72 | 22–29 |
pH | 5.05–6.93 | 5.82 ± 0.62 | 5.34–5.86 | 5.54 ± 0.17 | 4.80–5.42 | 5.18 ± 0.33 | 5.51 ± 0.23 | 6.5–8.5 |
Conductivity (µS/cm) | 73.0–233.0 | 134.0 ± 54.4 | 74.0–198.0 | 129.0 ± 41.5 | 60.0–148.0 | 93.0 ± 47.5 | 118.7 ± 15.8 | 1000 |
TDS (mg/L) | 36.0–110.0 | 65.5 ± 25.0 | 37.0–98.0 | 64.3 ± 20.5 | 30.0–73.0 | 46.3 ± 23.3 | 58.7 ± 7.61 | 1000 |
Turbidity (NTU) | 3.87–205.0 | 63.6 ± 23.3 | 1.77–121.0 | 41.2 ± 6.21 | 1.25–2.87 | 2.29 ± 0.91 | 35.8 ± 21.9 | 5 |
TSS (mg/L) | 6.00–277.0 | 70.0 ± 26.8 | 3.00–126.0 | 40.0 ± 5.45 | 2.00–6.00 | 4.00 ± 2.08 | 38.0 ± 23.4 |  |
Nitrate (mg/L) | 1.00–12.80 | 5.90 ± 3.80 | 2.90–6.50 | 4.00 ± 1.30 | 0.40–4.00 | 2.20 ± 0.87 | 4.03 ± 1.31 | 10 |
Ammonia (mg/L) | 0.17–3.88 | 1.25 ± 0.56 | 0.32–1.38 | 0.66 ± 0.37 | 0.15–0.22 | 0.18 ± 0.04 | 0.69 ± 0.38 | 0.5 |
Phosphate (mg/L) | 0.49–1.22 | 0.75 ± 0.25 | 0.48–1.22 | 0.77 ± 0.26 | 0.32–1.04 | 0.67 ± 0.36 | 0.73 ± 0.04 |  |
Sodium (mg/L) | 7.10–17.5 | 11.8 ± 3.38 | 10.4–26.2 | 18.6 ± 5.05 | 12.2–26.2 | 17.1 ± 7.86 | 15.8 ± 2.53 | 200 |
Potassium (mg/L) | 1.90–6.70 | 4.45 ± 1.54 | 1.10–6.10 | 3.30 ± 1.61 | 2.40–3.70 | 2.90 ± 0.67 | 3.55 ± 0.57 | 30 |