Heavy metals | Root vegetables | 1st phase (mg/kg dw) | 2nd phase (mg/kg dw) | 3rd phase (mg/kg dw) | 4th phase (mg/kg dw) | Range (mg/kg dw) | Mean (mg/kg dw) | Maximum permissible limit (MPL) (mg/kg dw) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chromium (Cr) | Beet | 0.60 | 0.90 | 1.40 | 1.90 | 0.60–0.90 | 1.20 a | 2.30 (FAO/WHO 2011) |
Radish | 2.00 | 1.20 | 0.80 | 2.10 | 0.80–2.10 | 1.53 a | ||
Carrot | 1.80 | 0.50 | 1.80 | 2.20 | 0.50–2.20 | 1.58 a | ||
Turnip | 2.70 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 49.60 | 0.80–49.6 | 13.50 a | ||
Cadmium (Cd) | Beet | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.10–0.40 | 0.20 a | 0.20 (FAO/WHO 2001) |
Radish | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.50 | 0.23 a | ||
Carrot | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.50 | 0.30 a | ||
Turnip | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.20 | 0.08 a | ||
Lead (Pb) | Beet | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.00 | 0.00 a | 0.30 (FAO/WHO 2011) |
Radish | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.00 | 0.00 a | ||
Carrot | 0.00 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–3.00 | 0.75 a | ||
Turnip | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–1.00 | 0.25 a | ||
Nickel (Ni) | Beet | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.80 | 1.50 | 0.00–1.50 | 0.58 a | 2.70 (FAO/WHO 2011) |
Radish | 3.30 | 0.00 | 1.60 | 1.50 | 0.00–3.30 | 1.60 a | ||
Carrot | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.60 | 0.90 | 0.00–0.90 | 0.38 a | ||
Turnip | 1.10 | 0.00 | 4.50 | 0.00 | 0.00–4.50 | 1.40 a | ||
Copper (Cu) | Beet | 11.40 | 8.10 | 19.30 | 16.80 | 8.10–19.3 | 13.90 b | 10 (FAO/WHO 2011) |
Radish | 9.50 | 2.00 | 6.50 | 9.10 | 2.00–9.50 | 6.78 a | ||
Carrot | 2.80 | 3.60 | 4.10 | 4.20 | 2.80–4.20 | 3.68 a | ||
Turnip | 8.10 | 7.90 | 7.10 | 5.40 | 5.40–8.10 | 7.13 a | ||
Zinc (Zn) | Beet | 61.75 | 35.99 | 50.21 | 61.99 | 35.99–61.99 | 52.49 b | 50 (FAO/WHO 2011) |
Radish | 61.60 | 11.77 | 48.65 | 68.03 | 11.77–68.03 | 47.51 b | ||
Carrot | 10.50 | 17.55 | 7.28 | 9.39 | 7.28–17.55 | 11.18 a | ||
Turnip | 50.95 | 24.09 | 42.76 | 45.37 | 24.09–50.95 | 40.79 b | ||
Iron (Fe) | Beet | 138.10 | 103.00 | 133.70 | 446.40 | 103.00–446.40 | 205.30 a | 450 (FAO/WHO 2007) |
Radish | 292.30 | 37.40 | 82.30 | 248.20 | 37.40–292.30 | 165.05 a | ||
Carrot | 47.90 | 119.70 | 58.50 | 149.30 | 47.90–149.30 | 93.85 a | ||
Turnip | 96.50 | 150.50 | 41.80 | 85.30 | 41.80–150.50 | 93.53 a | ||
Manganese (Mn) | Beet | 13.9 | 19.3 | 28.7 | 37.8 | 13.9–37.8 | 24.93 a | 500 (FAO/WHO 2007) |
Radish | 64.7 | 4.2 | 23.1 | 30.7 | 4.2–64.7 | 30.68 a | ||
Carrot | 10.3 | 11.4 | 13.5 | 21 | 10.3–21.0 | 14.05 a | ||
Turnip | 11.1 | 11.9 | 27.6 | 13 | 11.1–27.6 | 15.90 a |